Motivation is a very significant part of any sporting performance at any level Essay Example for Free

Motivation is a very significant part of any sporting performance at any level Essay We are going to need big characters out there who can dig deep and show real fight and courage. (Clive Woodward) Motivation is a very significant part of any sporting performance at any level. Motivation can be defined as, a physiological drive to fulfil a particular need (Davis et al, 1991). Sporting performers can either be intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. This is dependent on what the sportsman is motivated by. Intrinsic can be defined as, pure love of the sport (Wesson et al, 2000). This would probably apply more to beginners and novices because you are some what interested in the sport, whereas elite athletes and professionals are often extrinsically motivated as there are big prizes to be one when sport is done to an elite level. As suggested by Davis et al,1998 extrinsic motivation stems from other people, through positive and negative reinforcement, and from tangible rewards such as trophies and money. There are a few theories that are linked to motivation concerning arousal and its influence on a participants performance. The Drive Theory (Hull, 1943) suggests that as the level of arousal increases the quality of the performance should increase. This means that the arousal and performance are directly proportional, this is very true to a certain extent however it does have a limitation as it does not take into consideration over arousal which would have an effect on the performance. A theory that did take this into consideration is the inverted U Hypothesis (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908). This theory suggested that increased arousal improves performance only to a certain point after which further increased levels of arousal will have an adverse effect. As you can see from the Inverted U Hypothesis over arousal causes performance levels to drop. A This is when the participant is under aroused is not at optimum performance. B This is the where the participant is at optimum arousal level and is performing to the best of his/her ability. C This where the participant is over aroused and again not performing to his potential. Most sports require different levels of arousal, for example a fine skilled sport like snooker would require very low levels of arousal whereas a gross skilled sport like boxing would require a very high level of arousal. For this reason a graph called the Inverted U theory and Task Type was created. The inverted U are specific for different sports: A a fine skilled sport such as snooker. B a moderate skilled sport such as football. C a gross skilled sport such as boxing. The small red box at the top of each inverted U is the zoof (). There are two categories that people fit into. These include NaF (need to avoid failure) and NAch (need to achieve). A NaF person is a person who is motivated to avoid failure in order not to experience the feelings of shame or humiliation that will result if failure occurs. This person introvert and would be withdrawn, nervous and would not appreciate feedback. Whereas a HAch person is someone who is motivated to achieve success for the feeling of pride and satisfaction they will experience, this person is lightly to be a extravert and would be out-going, enthusiastic and would like feedback. There are different ways to motivate these two types of people. For a NAch person, if wanted to keep them motivated you would give lots of feedback and be quite critical about their performance, this is because in the long run it would aid performance. You would also set task orientating goals and maybe make him/her some sort of leader. Internal factors are usually what motivate a NAch person. For a NaF person you would dwell on the positive points of his/her performance, you would also set very easily reachable goals to avoid any failure and ultimately to boost confidents. External factor are usually what motivates a NaF person. To set goals there is a specific process that is devise specially to ensure not to demotivate the participant. Specific to the sport, the individual or the level at which the sport is bei being performed. Measurable to be able to measure the progress towards achieving the goals. Achievable to prevent far fetched goals that will just demotivate the team/ team/sportsman. Realistic to prevent far fetched goals that will just demotivate the team/ team/sportsman. Time-phased specified to individual needs. Exciting to maintain motivation. Recorded to ensure the agreement. (S.M.A.R.T.E.R.) In all sport motivation is one of the most important things to aid a successful performance. In conclusion, referring back to the question motivation can be responsible for enhancing sporting performance in all competitive games. This is true if I look back to all my reasoning above.

Examine the practical and the morale constraints upon Jewish Resistance

Jewish resistance throughout the holocaust has caused much debate among academics historians, and even governments. Historians conclude that resistance was practical and morally constrained throughout the Second World War, for a variety of reasons. Historians such as Rab Bennett, Michael Marrus, Richard L Rubenstein, and John K Roth all have written in detail about the constraints placed upon Jewish resistance throughout this period. Each of these explanations will be examined throughout this paper. Furthermore, this paper will discuss examples of Jewish resistance during the holocaust, while applying the theories of each historian to explain in detail about the morale and practical constraints within Jewish resistance. Three main theories have been put forward to establish and explain how Jewish resistance was so constrained. Firstly, the Nazi army was attacking an unprepared and unarmed population, who were taken by complete surprise during the Holocaust. Secondly, the Nazi army us ed brutal and cruel warfare methods upon the Jewish population to fully implement the holocaust. Finally Jewish resistance was met by such massive repercussions by the Nazi army, which ultimately created fear among each community to obey the rule of Nazi government. The Nazi government secured a total fascist state in 1934 and had implemented the â€Å"final solution† in 1940. The â€Å"final solution† was to systematically destroy the European Jewish population with unspeakable horrors, which included gassing, executions, malnutrition, and grotesque medical experiments. Despite these conditions, Jews in both concentration camps and in the ghettoes tried to resist the Nazi army. However, explained by historian Rab Bennett the Nazi army had practically constrained Jewish resistance through a policy called â€Å"collective responsibility†. The aim of this policy was to create a sense of insecurity among the European Jewish population. For example the Nazi army had started to deport Jews in Vilna to a nearby concentration camp. Some Jews escaped and joined a resistance movement in a neighboring village. What happened next was typical of the policy called â€Å"collective responsibility†. The Jewish resistance group obtai ned a few weapons, and clashed with the Nazi army outside the city. Most of the Jews were immediately captured and killed instantly. In retaliation for the resistance, the local arm... ...hroughout Europe and many Jewish people fought unarmed against Nazi genocide. The Jewish population faced an enemy that practiced total warfare against them. The Nazi army was able to efficiently wipe out more than six million Jewish people, while practically and morally constraining Jewish resistance throughout the Second World War. Bibliography: Published Materials: Rab Bennett, Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler's Europe, New York University Press. 1999. Frank McDonough, Opposition and Resistance in Nazi Germany: 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press Michael R. Marrus, The Holocaust in History, Key Porter Books Ltd. 2000 Randall C. Byterk, Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Michigan State University Press. 2004 Internet resources: Author Unknown, Map taken from Google Website, www.googleimages.co.uk The Holocaust History Project Homepage: www.holocaust-history.org/ Holocaust Timeline: Resistance: fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/resist.htm - Holocaust Understanding- Jewish Resistance by A. Kimel: www.kimel.net/resistance.html

Motor Learning and Coaching Notes Essay

The study of relativity permanent changes in motor skills and capabilities that come with practice or experience. This includes: †¢Investigating how elite athletes become experts †¢Studying the best way for a teacher or coach to structure a practice environment for maximal potential †¢Methods of practicing motor skills oHow often oHow long oGroup size oEquipment What is a Skill? A complex movement or sequence of movements, which are smooth and coordinated. These movements don’t require conscious thought and have predetermined results. A learned skill is one that can be repeated. A performance may be a fluke and is only performed once. Motor Skill: physical skills that require body movement and rely on motor control Classification of a Skill: Based on: Where- the environment of the skill Closed: †¢predictable, constant environment †¢Work at own pace- internally paced †¢Replication/ repetition of same skill †¢Examples: swimming in a pool, archery, shooting Open: †¢Changing environment †¢Pace dependant on other people/ factors Detecting stimuli Deciding Processing Acting Responding appropriately Evaluating Feedback Cues †¢A stimulus perception †¢In learning used to obtain information to perform and improve †¢Used in the demonstration and explaination of a skill by a coach †¢Can be both internal and external †¢Sight, hearing, and propreoceptive cues are most used

The Movie The Yellow Wallpaper And The Popular Film ``...

In both the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and the popular film â€Å"The Shining† there is a strong emphasis on isolation and the later onset of madness. How does isolation lead to madness and how does it affect the characters in these stories over time? Also, are both stories comparable with how the onset of madness occurs or do the characters end up crazy from completely different events. In the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Jane is diagnosed with hysteria, which at the time led to those deemed with this â€Å"complication† to undergo the bedrest prescription. Which often did nothing for the person but made them angry over time. While in â€Å"The Shining† the character Jack goes mad from the haunted hotel he works at, and previously had a bad drinking†¦show more content†¦(phycology today) They have their contrasts, however a similarity they both illnesses have is that they often have fits of rage and interpersonal violence as a symptom. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Jane fits the role of a sociopath due to her disjointed thoughts and paranoia which came as a side effect from her isolation during bedrest. While Jack is not as clear cut, he later acts as a sociopath when he slips back into his bad habits of drinking, and being abusive while also being manipulated by the hotel’s ghosts. Jack sometimes thinks about his actions before he makes them, which puts him in line with being psychopath due to pre-meditation. It is apparent that they both have some form of mental illness that they develop over their respective stories, due to them being completely sane during the introductions of both. What led to Jane’s mental instability was being placed on bedrest due to her being diagnosed with hysteria, which at the time was given to women under immense stress. This â€Å"cure† did not actually cure anything. It in fact made these women often go crazy from the isolation they had to end ure. Even the author herself was diagnosed with hysteria and put on the bedrest cure. Which is one reason why she wanted to add this aspect into the game. This cure was extremely prominent during the period the story takes placeShow MoreRelatedAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pageshappen since back in school when I saw chicks in Ralph Lauren shirts for the first time and almost shit my pants when I was asking them out. But still, I started the season great. I scored goal after goal after goal. We won the UEFA Super Cup. I was shining. I dominated. But I was somebody else. Something had happened, nothing serious, not yet. I had been silenced, and that s dangerous, believe me. I have to be mad to play well. I have to shout and make scenes. Now I kept all that within me. MaybeRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 PagesA monster in disguise of a princess. Yeah... she said in a child-like tone. Duncan let her back down on the ground. Carmine was very short compared to Duncan. He stood a clear two feet over her. So are we still on for the movie this Friday? Of course. Which movie do you want to see again? Is The Dark Legacy, okay? Sounds good. Great! She looked over her shoulder to her friends. I have to go now, but Ill see you in third period. Ill be counting the hours, he saidRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand Part II The Harry Potter film franchise is the second highest grossing film franchise of all time, with the five films released to date only slightly behind the 22 James Bond films. The adaption of the final novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, will be split into two films, with Part I scheduled to be released in 2010 and Part II in 2011. The Harry Potter franchise is seen by movie insiders as critical to staving off the general decline in movie attendance due to economic